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约会强奸的法律思考/王克先

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约会强奸的法律思考

王克先


[内容摘要]近年来约会强奸频发,成了人们关注的社会现象。约会强奸并非法律概念,只是强奸的一种形式,它是指男女在聚会过程中,男方以暴力、胁迫或者其他手段,违背妇女意志,强行与妇女性交的行为。太平盛世治安状况良好,彼此认识或接触的男女之间发生强奸的机会反而比陌生男女多,而且比遭陌生人突袭更难防范。强奸罪的本质特征是违背妇女意志,强行与妇女性交。男人应当明白,女性与你牵手不等于同意与你亲吻,与你亲吻不一定可以有进一步的亲热,同意你脱去她的上衣不意味同意你脱她的裤子。所以说,有时候亲呢与犯罪只是一念之差,一步之遥。

[关键词] 约会强奸;思考;认定


一、约会强奸现象概述。
  说到强奸罪,总是可以听到这样的说法:现在居然还有强奸?言下之意,现在的男人解决性需求,有多种途径,不必冒着犯罪的风险。话虽不错,但近几年各地约会强奸频发也是事实,约会强奸成了人们关注的社会现象。约会强奸,顾名思义,就是男女约会时发生的强奸。约会即朋友相约会面,但本文所称的约会不单是朋友相约,而是指男女单独相处。下面是见之报端的几例约会强奸(受害人均为化名):
1、方轻帆是深圳某外资公司一位漂亮的未婚白领,为了强化英语口语,报名参加了一家英语俱乐部。1998年8月15日下午,认识不到一个小时的外籍人士张航邀方轻帆到其家吃晚饭,吃过饭方轻帆正要告辞,张航却拉住了她,身高一米八零的张航将方轻帆往床上一抛,随后扑了上去。方轻帆被张航强奸6次,几次昏死过去。2000年6月,深圳市中级人民法院以张航犯强奸罪,判处其有期徒刑12年。
2、2007年5月29日中午,杭州某环保科技公司经理陈某请某汽车服务公司副总霍某吃饭,霍某对本公司年轻漂亮的女业务经理孙艳垂涎已久,趁机将其一起带上。酒量甚好的霍某见其余三人已醉得一蹋糊涂,于是将三人带到足浴馆足浴。很快,陈某、叶某和孙艳都沉睡过去。霍某趁孙艳喝酒过多无力反抗,与她发生了性关系。接着,陈某趁着酒兴,也与孙艳发生了性关系。后孙艳报警,霍某、陈某被捕。
3、2008年11月4日晚,泉州鲤城某超市营业员朱某约女同事陈某到其租房做客。朱某拿出麻辣羊肉串,两人边吃边聊。满嘴麻辣的陈某想喝水,朱某却说:“先帮忙把葡萄洗了,再回来喝水吧。”陈某拿起葡萄到走廊水池清洗。趁此机会,朱某拿出一个小药瓶,朝开水杯倒下大半瓶药液。洗完葡萄,陈某拿起水杯一饮而尽。过了一会,陈某迷迷糊糊躺下睡觉。朱某与陈某发生了性关系。后陈某报案,法院认定陈某犯强奸罪。
4、女教师夏某上网时认识了自称大学生的朱某,一段时间下来,夏老师对朱某颇有好感,两人成了网络爱侣。终于有一天,朱某到无锡入住一家酒店,提出要与夏老师见面。夏老师前往赴约。朱某利用夏老师要面子,怕隐私被人知道的心理进行威胁,强迫与其发生了性关系。直到5天后,夏老师才下决心报警。法院审理后,以强奸罪判处朱某有期徒刑四年六个月。
5、一对在北京打工的外地男女青年,由于条件所限,他俩与男方的兄嫂一起住在一间房间里,男女青年睡在同一张床上。女青年认为男青年是自己的好朋友,两人同睡只是限于环境,可男青年却认为她是他的女朋友,和自己睡在一张床上,这本身就是性暗示,于是在一天晚上他强行与对方发生了性关系。由于和男方的兄嫂同住一室,女方怕羞没有反抗。后女方报警,法院判男青年犯强奸罪。
6、某男孩和女孩是大学同学,男孩子一直暗恋女孩,但对方有男友。一天,女孩告诉男孩自己和男友分手了。男孩觉得机会来了,于是把女孩约到自己宿舍,要她做自己的女友。女孩不愿意,男孩就强行与她发生了性关系。被捕后,男孩竟然说他的行为不属于强奸,理由是他既没有用绳子把对方捆住,也没有打她,而且对方也没有明显反抗。被问到犯罪动机,他说只要把女孩的身体先占有了,她的心自然也就属于自己了。他还告诉警察,他身边的一些同学就是这么做的,而且成功了。
7、2009年4 月24日傍晚,卢某、陈某、俞某邀女大学生刘琳到浙江新昌某饭店吃饭。卢某是建筑公司项目经理、陈某是职业学校临时工、俞某是建房合作社科长,刘琳是宁波某大学应届毕业生,她因要求安排工作的事有求于他们。席间大家都吃了酒,饭后卢某、陈某、俞某把醉酒的刘琳带到新昌某大酒店,与刘琳发生了性关系。他们离开后,刘琳报了警,卢某、陈某、俞某以涉嫌强奸罪被刑拘。
  人们普遍接受的强奸情景是:月黑风高,狰狞大汉在阴暗的角落突然袭击女人,强行性交,女人呼救无门,反抗无效,只能就范。正是这一思维约束了人们对约会强奸的认识:不是月黑风高也不是呼救无门,而是在约会之中,男人情欲蠢蠢欲动,女人态度似是而非,在那暧昧的气氛中发生性关系会是强奸吗?更不能想象两个正在谈情说爱的人发生性关系算是强奸。
  而强奸犯留给人们的印象是:面目猥琐、举止龌龊、粗鲁、心理变态、……,很难把相貌堂堂、衣冠楚楚、谈吐斯文的男人与强奸犯联系在一起。
  正是由于约会强奸不符合人们头脑中的强奸原型,发生在约会中的强奸就很难被社会认同,一旦约会强奸被暴光,人们往往会持怀疑态度,女人会受到各种的谴责,责备女人不自重不守妇道,甚至指责女人勾引男人。在女人看来,被认识的人强奸是没地方说理的事情,如果与此人关系特殊,就更说不清了,弄不好还把自己搞得身败名裂,故受害人报案的也少。
  事实上,太平盛世治安状况良好,彼此认识或需要接触的男女之间,发生强奸的机会反而比陌生人之间多,而且比遭陌生人的突袭更难防范。有资料显示,记录在卷的强奸案中,犯罪人为性伴侣的占8.7%,过去的性伴侣(或配偶)占11.5%,男朋友或约会伴侣占16.6%,其他相识占31.1%。也就是说,在认识的人之间发生的强奸案高达67.9%,而陌生人只占32.1%。

二、约会强奸的社会背景。

  有人称中国正处于性井喷时代,我国的男女关系已从过去的“男女大防”发展到现在的“见面上床”。这话虽然有些过,但确有其一定的道理。
一是观念的巨变:
以前,人们的性观念十分保守,与封建时代相差无几,性是一个极其敏感的词汇,人们羞于启齿。随着改革开放的深入,人们的性观念发生了翻天覆地的变化。
从婚姻的缔结渠道看,二十世纪五十年代组织介绍、媒婆介绍,六七十年代鸿雁传情,八九十年代征婚广告,二十一世纪网络恋爱,……。速度越来越快捷,表白越来越直接。
几次离婚浪潮也冲击了人们的性观念,每次离婚浪潮都是旧的价值体系土崩瓦解新的价值体系形成过程。人们认识到,连婚姻都无法严格约束两性关系,婚姻以外的性关系不是可以更开放、更随意了?
一些新事物如一夜情、网恋等不断出现,极大地冲击着人们的视觉神经和传统道德观念、伦理体系。互联网普及之后,两性话题公然地的摆到人们眼前。一夜情、婚外性行为、同居等等,尽管仍然与正统的社会道德相违背,但已被社会所容忍。
二是客观条件十分便利:
男女大防已经成为古董,夫妻以外的一男一女独处一室已成了正常事。而且现在是一个性感的年代,女人都喜欢打扮自己,什么吊带衣露脐裤超短裤,身上的衣服越穿越少,身体越来越暴露,美容隆胸,凹突有致的身材撩动男人的心。许多人在酒吧或在家里约会还喜欢喝一点酒,以此营造浪漫气氛。可是正象人们所说,“酒能乱性”,一杯酒下肚,平时的胆小鬼也会色胆包天,做出蠢事来。
三是社会对受害女性的不公正评价:
要是约会强奸真的发生了,人们往往认为摊上这种事的女人不是好东西。你打扮得那么迷人,穿着那么性感,动作那么轻佻,眼神那么勾魂,哪个男人不心猿意马,春心浮动?有人说,在一夜情等已经成为另类的时尚的年代里,如果一个女人愿意和自己在深夜独处,任何一个正常的男人都会联想到她一定对自己有那个意思,此时发生了性关系,又怎么能算是强奸呢?又有人说,我请她吃饭,送她礼物,她与我做爱是各取所需理所当然。还有人说,做爱时她既没呼叫,也没反抗,这不就是同意吗?

三、约会强奸的法律认定。

  约会强奸并非法律概念,只是强奸的一种形式。约会强奸有狭义与广义之分。狭义的约会强奸指发生在有恋爱关系的男女之间的强迫性交行为。广义的约会强奸是指男女在聚会过程中发生的强迫性交行为,男女双方可以是恋爱关系、朋友关系、同事关系、师生关系、同学关系、一般相识关系,甚至可以是初次相识的关系。其实,狭义的约会强奸和广义的约会强奸并不冲突,而是一种包含关系。但广义的约会强奸涵盖的范围更广,可以更清楚的剖析约会强奸,所以本文所称的约会强奸是广义的约会强奸,即男女在聚会的过程中,男方以暴力、胁迫或者其他手段,违背妇女意志,强行与妇女性交的行为。
对于约会强奸,我们首先要清楚什么是强奸,进而去理解什么是约会强奸。
(一)强奸
  强奸罪是指行为人违背妇女意志,使用暴力、胁迫或者其他手段,强行与妇女发生性交,或者同不满14周岁的幼女发生性关系的行为。
  正确认定强奸,必须把握它的本质特征。刑法学界一般认为,强奸罪的本质特征是违背妇女意志强行与妇女性交,也就是说违背妇女意志是强奸罪的内在本质特征,犯罪手段的强制性是这一本质特征的外在表现。违背妇女意志属于人的主观意识,要查明是否违背妇女意愿,不能单从主观上去判断,而要从客观行为来考察。如果性交时男方没有任何的强制行为,就很难说是违背妇女意志。
1、违背妇女意志的认定。
(1)时间上看,违背妇女意志仅限于性交当时,即实施性交行为的当时妇女不同意进行。即使性交前同意,性交时妇女仍可反对,男方必须尊重,当然,妇女同意性交后又翻悔不能认为是违背了妇女意志。
(2)是否违背妇女意志,不能以被害妇女作风好坏划分。作风不好的妇女的性权利同样受法律保护。
(3)是否违背妇女意志,不能以被害妇女有无反抗表示作为必要条件。
在认定强奸罪时,对妇女未作反抗表示、或者反抗表示不明显的,要具体分析,精心区别。这主要是由强奸手段的多样性决定的,如,行为人用醉酒、下药的方式,使妇女丧失意识后进行奸淫;再如,行为人假称治病对妇女进行奸淫,等等。在这些情况下,被害妇女根本不会有反抗行为。
(4)明知是14周岁以下的幼女和无行为能力的妇女(如精神病患者、呆傻者等)而与其发生性关系,无论妇女是否表示同意,都将构成强奸罪。

LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES

(Adopted at the 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 28, 1990, promulgated by
Order No. 37 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 28, 1990, and effective as of the same date)

Article 1
The present Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 2
This Law shall be applicable to bilateral or multilateral treaties and
agreements and other instruments of the nature of a treaty or agreement
concluded between the People's Republic of China and foreign states.
Article 3
The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the
People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
foreign states.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China shall decide on the ratification and abrogation of
treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.
The President of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with
decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,
ratify and abrogate treaties and important agreements concluded with
foreign states.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shall,
under the leadership of the State Council, administer the specific affairs
concerning the conclusion of treaties and agreements with foreign states.
Article 4
The People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
other states in the name of:
(1) the People's Republic of China;
(2) the Government of the People's Republic of China;
(3) the governmental departments of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The decision to negotiate and sign treaties and agreements shall be made
according to the following procedures:
(1) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation and draw
up a draft treaty or agreement of the Chinese side and submit it to the
State Council for examination and decision;
(2) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council
shall make a recommendation and draw up a draft treaty or agreement of the
Chinese side and, after consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
submit it to the State Council for examination and decision. In the case
of an agreement concerning a specific line of business, its Chinese draft
shall, with the consent of the State Council, be examined and decided upon
by the department concerned under the State Council or when necessary in
consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
(3) agreements to be negotiated and signed in the name of a governmental
department of the People's Republic of China concerning matters within the
scope of functions and powers of the department concerned shall be decided
upon by the department itself or after consultation with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. In the case of an agreement relating to matters of major
importance or matters falling within the functions and powers of other
departments under the State Council, the department concerned shall submit
it by itself or after consultation with the other departments concerned
under the State Council, to the State Council for decision. The draft
agreement of the Chinese side shall be examined and decided upon by the
department concerned or when necessary in consultation with the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs.
When major modification in the Chinese draft of a treaty or agreement
already examined and decided upon by the State Council are necessary as a
result of negotiation, the revised draft shall be submitted to the State
Council for examination and decision.
Article 6
Representatives for negotiating and signing treaties or agreements shall
be appointed according to the following procedures:
(1) In the case of a treaty or agreement to be concluded in the name of
the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's Republic
of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned
under the State Council shall submit a report to the State Council for the
appointment of a representative. The full powers of the representative
shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may also be
signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
(2) In the case of an agreement to be concluded in the name of a
governmental department of the People's Republic of China, a
representative shall be appointed by the head of the department concerned.
The letter of authorization for the representative shall be signed by the
head of the department. Where the head of a department signs an agreement
concluded in the name of the governmental department, and where the
contracting parties agree that it is necessary for the head of the
department to produce full powers, the full powers shall be signed by the
Premier of the State Council, but may also be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs.
The following persons shall dispense with full powers for negotiating and
signing treaties and agreements:
(1) the Premier of the State Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs;
(2) the head of a diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China who
negotiates and signs treaties and agreements concluded between China and
the state to which he is accredited, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
contracting parties;
(3) the head of a governmental department of the People's Republic of
China who negotiates and signs the agreements concluded in the name of his
department, unless it is otherwise agreed by the contracting parties;
(4) the person, dispatched to an international conference or accredited to
an international organization by the People's Republic of China, who is at
the same time the representative for negotiating treaties or agreements in
that conference or organization, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
conference or otherwise provided for in the constitution of the
organization.
Article 7
The ratification of treaties and important agreements shall be decided
upon by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
The treaties and important agreements referred to in the preceding
paragraph are as follows:
(1) treaties of friendship and cooperation, treaties of peace and similar
treaties of a political nature;
(2) treaties and agreements relating to territory and delimitation of
boundary lines;
(3) treaties and agreements relating to judicial assistance and
extradition;
(4) treaties and agreements which contain stipulations inconsistent with
the laws of the People's Republic of China;
(5) treaties and agreements which are subject to ratification as agreed by
the contracting parties; and
(6) other treaties and agreements subject to ratification.
After the signing of a treaty or an important agreement, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit it to the
State Council for examination and verification; the State Council shall
then refer it to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
for decision on ratification; the President of the People's Republic of
China shall ratify it in accordance with the decision of the Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress.
After the ratification of a bilateral treaty or an important bilateral
agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities
for the exchange of the instruments of ratification with the other
contracting party. After the ratification of a multilateral treaty or an
important multilateral agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall
execute the formalities for the deposit of the instrument of ratification
with the depositary state or international organization. The instrument of
ratification shall be signed by the President of the People's Republic of
China and countersigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 8
After the signing of the agreements and other instruments of the nature of
a treaty which do not fall under paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law and
which are subject to approval as prescribed by the State Council or as
agreed by the contracting parties, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the
departments concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit them to the State Council for
approval. After the approval of agreements and other instruments of the
nature of a treaty, in the case of a bilateral one, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities for the exchange of the
instruments of approval with the other contracting party or for mutual
notification of the approval by diplomatic notes. In the case of a
multilateral one, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the
formalities for the deposit of the instrument of approval with the
depositary state or international organization concerned. The instrument
of approval shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may
also be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 9
After the signing of the agreements which need no decision on ratification
by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or approval by
the State Council, the agreements shall be submitted by the departments
concerned under the State Council to the State Council for the record,
except those agreements concluded in the name of the governmental
departments of the People's Republic of China which are to be submitted by
these departments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for registration.
Article 10
If the two contracting parties need to go through different domestic legal
procedures for the entry into force of the same treaty or agreement, the
said treaty or agreement shall enter into force after the accomplishment
by the two parties of their respective legal procedures and the mutual
notification by diplomatic notes.
After the signing of the treaties and agreements listed in the preceding
paragraph, the formalities of ratification, approval, entry on the record
or registration shall be executed as the case requires in accordance with
Articles 7, 8 or 9 of this Law. The formalities of notification by note
shall be completed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 11
The decision to accede to multilateral treaties or agreements shall be
made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the
State Council as the case requires. The procedures for acceding to
multilateral treaties and agreements shall be as follows:
(1) to accede to a multilateral treaty or an important multilateral
agreement listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a
recommendation after examination and submit it to the State Council for
examination and verification; the State Council shall then refer it to the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for decision on
accession. The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs;
(2) to accede to a multilateral treaty or agreement other than those
listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after
examination and submit it to the State Council for decision on accession.
The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Article 12
The decision to accept a multilateral treaty or an agreement shall be made
by the State Council.
In the case of a multilateral treaty or agreement containing clauses of
acceptance which is signed by the Chinese representative or does not
require any signature, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department
concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after examination and submit
it to the State Council for decision on acceptance. The instrument of
acceptance shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the
specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 13
A bilateral treaty or agreement concluded by the People's Republic of
China with a foreign state shall be done in the Chinese language and the
official language of the other contracting party, both texts being equally
authentic. When necessary, a text in the language of a third state agreed
upon by the two contracting parties may be executed in addition as a
third, equally authentic, official text or an unofficial text for
reference. It may be stipulated by agreement of the two contracting
parties that the third text shall prevail in case of divergence of
interpretation of the treaty or agreement.
For agreements on specific lines of business and treaties and agreements
concluded with international organizations, a single language fairly
commonly used internationally may also be used by agreement of the two
contracting parties or in accordance with the provisions of the
constitutions of the international organizations concerned.
Article 14
Signed originals of bilateral treaties and agreements concluded in the
name of the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's
Republic of China and copies of multilateral treaties and agreements
certified as true by the depositary states or international organizations
concerned shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Signed
originals of bilateral agreements concluded in the name of the
governmental departments of the People's Republic of China shall be
deposited with these departments.
Article 15
A treaty or an important agreement of which the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress has decided on ratification or accession shall
be published in the bulletin of the Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress. The measures for publishing other treaties and
agreements shall be made by the State Council.
Article 16
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs into a collection of the
Treaties of the People's Republic of China.
Article 17
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
United Nations Charter. Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's
Republic of China that require registration with other international
organizations shall be registered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or
the departments concerned under the State Council in accordance with the
respective constitutions of the international organizations.
Article 18
The procedures for the conclusion of a treaty or an agreement with an
international organization by the People's Republic of China shall follow
this Law and the constitution of the relevant international organization.
Article 19
The procedures for amendment to, abrogation of and withdrawal from
treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
follow mutatis mutandis the procedures for the conclusion of the treaties
and agreements in question.
Article 20
The State Council may make regulations in accordance with this Law for its
implementation.
Article 21
This Law shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

农业系统实验动物管理办法(修正)

农业部


农业系统实验动物管理办法(修正)

(一九九五年四月二十一日农业部发布,根据一九九七年十二月二十五日农业部令第39号修订)

第一条 为了加强农业系统实验动物管理工作,根据国务院批准的《实验动物管理条例》的规定,结合农业系统实际情况,制定《农业系统实验动物管理办法》(以下简称《办法》)。
第二条 本《办法》所称实验动物是指对其携带的微生物进行控制,遗传背景明确或来源清楚的,用于科学研究、教学、药品的生产和检定及其他科学实验的动物。
第三条 本《办法》适用于农业系统从事实验动物研究、饲育、保种、供应、使用,饲料和设施生产、供应,及实验动物质量监测的单位和个人。
第四条 农业部归口管理农业系统实验动物工作,同时接受国家科学技术委员会对实验动物工作的指导。
各省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局)归口管理本省、自治区、直辖市农业系统的实验动物工作,同时接受地方科学技术委员会的指导。
第五条 从事实验动物工作的单位和个人,必须根据有关遗传、微生物、饲料、环境设施方面的标准,对实验动物进行饲养管理。
第六条 实验动物必须按不同品种(或品系)、不同级别分开饲养。
第七条 研究、饲育、保种、供应、使用实验动物的单位,应当指定专职人员负责本单位实验动物的管理工作,建立管理制度,定期对本单位实验动物工作进行检查。
第八条 从事实验动物研究、饲育、保种、供应、使用及设施和饲料生产的单位和个人,所养的实验动物及生产的设施和饲料必须定期接受质量监测。监测结果由农业部予以公布。
农业系统实验动物、环境设施、实验动物饲料的质量和生产的监测,由农业部指定的法定质量监测单位负责实施。
第九条 从事实验动物工作的单位和个人,必须严格执行《家畜家禽防疫条例》及其实施细则。实验动物发生烈性疫病时,必须采取紧急措施防止蔓延、及时根除疫病,并立即向省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局)和农业部报告。
第十条 实验动物的饲育、供应单位所提供的实验动物必须符合有关质量标准,要有单位负责人签发的遗传、微生物等检测资料的证明及实验动物合格证副本,并注明供应数量、日期及用途作为使用合格实验动物的依据。
实验动物饲料和设施的生产、供应单位,所提供的实验动物饲料和设施,必须符合有关质量标准。
第十一条 实验动物的运输器具要安全可靠,并符合与实验动物相应的微生物控制等级要求,不得将不同品种(或品系)、不同级别的实验动物混装,运输过程中应保证实验动物的健康和安全。
第十二条 进出口实验动物,必须报农业部审查,经国家科委批准后方可实施。出口利用国家重点保护的野生动物开发的实验动物,需同时按照《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》的有关规定批准后,方可出口。进出口实验动物的检疫工作按照《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》的有关规定办理。
第十三条 进行动物实验应根据不同的目的,选用相应的合格实验动物,并具备有相应级别的动物实验条件;不具备感染和放射性动物实验设施条件及管理不合格者,不得进行这方面的动物实验。
第十四条 实验动物饲育、保种、供应单位必须有适当比例的科技人员和技术工人,各类人员都要遵守实验动物饲育管理的各项制度,并要经过专业培训。
第十五条 从事实验动物工作的人员应享受必要的劳动保护和福利待遇,以保证其健康。
第十六条 从事实验动物工作的人员应定期进行身体检查,发现患有传染病,特别是人兽共患病者,应及时调换工作。
第十七条 为了保证实验动物质量,农业系统实行实验动物合格证管理制度。实验动物合格证由农业部颁发。
第十八条 实验动物合格证包括“实验动物质量合格证”、“实验动物(动物实验)设施条件合格证”和“实验动物饲料合格证”三种。
第十九条 农业系统从事实验动物工作及实验动物饲料和设施生产的单位和个人均需申请,并获得农业系统实验动物的有关合格证。非农业系统向农业系统提供实验动物、实验动物设施和实验动物饲料的单位和个人,必须获得农业系统实验动物的有关合格证,或获得农业部认可的其他部委及省、自治区、直辖市颁发的合格证。
第二十条 农业部直属单位及其他部委直属单位需要办理农业系统实验动物合格证的,需向农业部提出申请,由农业部委托本《办法》第八条规定的质量监测单位对申请单位的实验动物质量、环境设施、饲用的饲料、饲育人员等进行检测和检查,并提出检测和检查结果。农业部对检测和检查结果进行审核,合格者发给相应的合格证。
其他单位需要办理农业系统动物合格证的,需向所属省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局)提出申请,并由省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局)委托本《办法》第八条规定的实验动物质量监测单位对申请单位的实验动物质量、环境设施、饲用的饲料、饲育人员等进行检测和检查。省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局)对检测和检查结果进行审查认为合格者报农业部。由农业部审核合格者发给相应的合格证。
第二十一条 农业部和各省、自治区、直辖市畜牧厅(局),对农业系统从事实验动物工作取得显著成绩的单位和个人,应给予表彰或奖励。
第二十二条 对从事实验动物工作的单位和个人,凡违反本办法规定的,农业部给予警告。
第二十三条 本《办法》由农业部负责解释。
第二十四条 本《办法》自发布之日起实施。